Phloem

Phloem is a vascular tissue that drives sugars and other products downward from the leaves. It carries organic nutrients such as sucrose. The picture above shows the phloem of a pile of plants.

Parenchyma cells

Parenchyma cells are cells that cover the internal layers, outer layers, and innermost layers. They have extensive spaces between the cells. It also forms the soft tissue of fruit. The picture above shows how parenchyma cells look like.

Mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae is a fungus root. This picture above shows a dead plant with dead roots. They act poorly without spores or hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi.

Modified leaf of a plant

A modified leaf of a plant is a plant that is modified for several different functions. The sepals, in the picture above, modified the structure of the flower. The leaves at the base of the flower is a good example.

Long-day plant

Long-day plants, or sometimes called "Chrysanthemums" are just plants that flower during the summer. Spinach, which is the picture shown above, is an example of a long-day plant because it flowers during the summer. They become forming buds when the days are longer than their day length. Another example could be lettuce and petunia.

Lichen

A lichen is an organism that comes from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of a fungus. It's like fungus that grows on trees due to humidity and/or rain. They are really easy to find. They come in very different properties and they come in many, different colors, sizes, and form. The picture above is a lichen.

Kinesis

Kinesis are the changes in activity level of an animal that are dependent on stimulus strength. Cockroaches, as shown above, can be a great example for kinesis. For cockroaches, a stimuli would be light. When you flash a light on a group of cockroaches, they would not move forward or away, they would just scatter around the energy. The stimuli cause their movement to be completely random.

Hydrophobic

Hydrophobic substances are substances that do not mix with water and exclude water molecules. Hydrophobic also means "fear of water." Oil, which appears in the picture above, is hydrophobic because oil is non-polar and water is polar. So, they are not attracted to each other. They can't mix and oil has no affinity for water. The water and the oil picture above represent hydrophobic because if you try to mix both of them, they will go on different ways.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is how a living organism controls its internal environment to maintain stability. The picture above shows a dog panting. Since dogs can't sweat because they don't have sweat glands, they pant. It's their way to cool down. This is showing internal stability because he has to pant in order to maintain stability.

Gymnosperm leaf

Gymnosperm leaves are plants where seeds are exposed or an ovule. They are commonly eaten by birds. They are often modified to form cones. The picture above are gymnosperm leaves.

Gibberellins

Gibberellins are a group of plant hormones, which is what the picture above is representing, that grow together, influence developmental process, cell elongation, and so on. They also have a role in flowering and germinating.

Gametophyte

Gametophyte is the haploid phase of a plant and produces gametes. Mosses have a dominant gametophyte generation, which is  the plant that appears in the picture above.

Fermentation

There are two types of fermentation; alcoholic and lactic acid. Alcoholic fermentation is a process in which sugars convert into cellular energy. The picture above is a wine, which represents a product involving in the alcoholic fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation is a process in which glucose and six-carbon sugars get converted into cellular energy. It can occur in yeast and bacteria.

Eubacteria

Eubacteria is a domain of unicellular microorganisms and it has random shapes and sizes. You can only see them through microscope because they are way too small to notice them. Some bacteria have stalks, like the one in the picture above, that is used for attachment. The majority of them can move with filaments called flagella by gliding.

Enzyme

An enzyme is a protein that acts as a stimulus within a cell. Enzymes get attach with chemical reactants called substrate, which is the top layer that I'm holding in the picture above. The substrate get attach to a division on the enzyme called the active site, which in the picture is considered the space between the top layer that I'm holding and the enzyme ball. There are theories explaining the enzyme-substrate interaction.

Ectoderm

The ectoderm is the outer layer of the cell in the early development of an embryo, which you can see in the made-up cell above, labeled at the top "ectoderm." The ectoderm forms a lot of things in an embryo such as the nervous system, brain, spine. It also forms the lining of the mouth, nostrils, hair and nails.

 

Cuticle layer of a plant

A cuticle layer of a plant is a waxy layer covering all the cells of the plants. It also protects a plant from desiccation or excessive water loss from transportation. The purpose of the cuticle layer is to preserve the water. The picture above is the cuticle layer of a plant.

Coevolution

Coevolution is when two species influence each other's evolution. This picture shows a bee pollinating a flower, which is a good example of coevolution because they both depend on each other for survival. The bee fertilizes the flower it robs and the flower needs the bee so that it can fertilize.

Calvin Cycle

The Calvin Cycle, or also called dark reactions, is the second stage of photosynthesis. The Calvin Cycle is all about using the energy from all of those ATPs and NADPH that were created in stage 1 to produce something that is actually useful for the plant. The Calvin Cycle begins in the stroma. The first phase is called carbon fixation because it fixes a CO2 molecule into a RuBP with the help of an enzyme called rubisco. This product divides into two 3 phosphoglyceric molecules. 3 PGA molecules gets reduced to G3P. One G3P molecule will leave the cycle and be used to make glucose and other compounds since three carbon dioxide molecules had entered the cycle. RuBP are used to form the remaining molecules so the cycle can re-start again. ATP, ADP, NADP+, and phosphate groups are produced by the Calvin Cycle. The Calvin Cycle goes on every single leaf or plant that we see outside.

C4 plant

 

A C4 plant is a plant that have cells uncovered to oxygen and have no RuBisCO to do photosynthesis and are most productive at photosynthesis at hot climates. Corn is one example of C4 plants like the ones shown above. Another examples could be sugarcane and shrubs.

C3 plant

A C3 plant is a really popular plant species and it is very productive at photosynthesis in wet climates. The majority of plants that we see outside are C3 plants such as trees or bamboos like the one shown above.

Autotroph

An autotroph, which is also called a producer, is an organism that contains multiple organic compounds from pure substances surrounding it. They use energy from light, such as photosynthesis, or chemical reactions. With photosynthesis, they produce organic compounds and get oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. A plant is one example of  an autotroph like the picture below shows. Another example could be algae.

Anther and filament of a stamen

The filament is the slim part of the stamen that supports the anther. The filament comes out from the center of the plant like the picture above shows it. The anther is the tip of the filament like shown in the picture above. The anther produces pollen or cell gametes and stores it.

Amniotic egg

An amniotic egg contains amniotic fluid and yolk to feed a developing organism. An amniotic egg can hatch from amniotes such as reptiles, birds, and mammals. They lay their eggs on land or keep the fertilized egg within the mother. This picture shows a chicken egg, which is amniotic because it comes from a bird. This is how these species had reproduced for millions of years.

Animal Adaptation

 

There are a few types of animal adaptations such as structural, physiological, and behavioral. This picture shows behavioral adaptation. Behavioral adaptation are things that affect how an organism acts. This picture demonstrates how I'm petting a cat's back and as I'm doing that, the cat starts to arch his back. This shows that me petting his back affects the cat in the way he's acting.